The Background of Organisational Change Management

The Background of Organizational Change Management Huber, Sutctiffe, Miller, and Glick (1993) directed a few writing audits and found that qualities of an associations domain establish a significant class of elements that lead to hierarchical change. Choppiness, seriousness, and multifaceted nature are ecological qualities recognized as determinants of hierarchical change (Aldrich 1979, Huber 1984, Hrebiniak and Joyce 1985, Mohrman 1989). In the Huber, Sutcliffe, Miller, and Glick (1993) investigation of 119 heterogeneous associations, the scientists found that natural choppiness just as ecological intensity communicating with hierarchical sizes are exceptionally huge indicators of authoritative change. In a significant examination with open part suggestions, Meyer (1979) found in his investigation of U.S. government account offices that the structure and conduct of open associations are profoundly affected by natural powers. In another early examination, McKelvey (1982) established that most by far of changes in associations are bro ught about by outer powers as opposed to interior powers. Association Chosen for task According to necessity of this task I have picked a contextual investigation examination of three of the biggest makers in the business: Broken Hill Proprietary (BHP) Coal, Rio Tinto/Conzinc Rio Tinto (CRA) and Atlantic Richfield (Arco). Change factors Following are the fundamental elements engaged with authoritative change Social Environment Financial Environment Powers inside enterprise Serious weight and individual assets Outside weights Mental variables The social condition The resilience, even energy, of numerous administrators for huge scope changes in their associations has been invigorated by advancements inside the field of the board itself. In the previous a very long while a beginning has been made at systematizing the standards and practices of the board, at any rate to a point where one can discussion of the craft of the board. This improvement has arrived at a point where the main experts and scholars normally concur in any event probably about alluring and bothersome parts of hierarchical examples and practices. This implies there is a worked in powerful inside the field of the board which is applying fluctuating degrees of weight on officials to align their associations all the more about with the most present day conventions. Since business practice is continually developing, the board hypothesis is continually being reexamined, extended, and refined. As senior administrators secure another and more profound comprehension about the manners by which enormous undertakings can all the more successfully accomplish their work, they are progressively prepared to try different things with change. (Eli Ginzberg, and others, Columbia University Press, 1957) The financial condition The financial condition applies incredible weight on business undertakings to present changes. During the previous quite a few years the American economy has so extended that today it is really a mainland showcase, fortified by huge interests abroad. The effective misuse of chances inside a nation as extensive as the United States requires associations that can react continually and rapidly to the necessities and wants of the businesses and clients they serve. One of the significant powers prompting decentralizationthe remarkable outline of contemporary change in enormous organizationshas been the craving of an ever increasing number of companies to make the most of the rich open doors offered by the mainland showcase. (Eli Ginzberg, and others, Columbia University Press, 1957) Powers inside the partnership American administration is likewise urged to embrace an uplifting demeanor toward change by powers starting to a great extent inside the enterprise itself as it reacts to new advancements in possession, the executives, innovation, and creation. Each will be quickly delineated thusly. The retirement or passing of a developer of a huge undertaking is probably going to be trailed by a critical change in the associations structure; the expert administrative gathering is quickly increasingly prepared to engage and follow up on proposals for change. They can receive an increasingly target perspective on the association; change isn't an affirmation of their earlier mistakes. Actually, being proficient directors, they can discover genuine fulfillment in their work just by submitting themselves and the associations they race to target standards of execution. (Eli Ginzberg, and others, Columbia University Press, 1957) Serious weights and staff assets A significant evidence of dynamic administration is its capacity to see accurately and to react viably to conditions that require hierarchical and different changes to safeguard the ceaseless gainful development of the undertaking. The choice on a fundamental level that a program of progress is required for the since quite a while ago run government assistance of the association is an important however not adequate reason for activity. The board must verify that the increases will legitimize the expenses. The key contemplations are the serious position and faculty assets of the association. (Eli Ginzberg, and others, Columbia University Press, 1957) Outside weights In setting up a foundation to change, the executives must consider, notwithstanding budgetary and faculty assets, the weights applied on the organization all things considered. Times of financial downturn, which bring huge misfortunes and dangers of chapter 11, oftentimes apply pressure for change. An administration may infer that the companys most obvious opportunity with regards to endurance lies in the quick organization of significant changes. An abusive outside circumstance may lead work force to acknowledge changes which would some way or another be arduously restricted and may likewise assist the board with overcoming whatever restraints it despite everything holds about entering upon an extreme takeoff from past practices. (Eli Ginzberg, and others, Columbia University Press, 1957). Mental Factors in Change The illustrative materials in the initial section underscore the degree to which authoritative change depends in the last investigation on the capacity of the president and other senior officials to set up new examples of conduct. Just to the degree that they quit acting and responding as they have for some time been acclimated and begin reacting in new manners can a program of authoritative change be effectively executed. It is in this way fitting to consider whatever bits of knowledge or speculations can be accumulated from psychologythe study of conduct with the expectation that we can all the more likely comprehend and in this way control the procedure of progress. Shockingly for these reasons, clinicians have only from time to time worried about the investigation of coordinated change in various leveled associations, so their work is unrelated to the current issue and will demonstrate valuable just to the degree that it very well may be adjusted. (Eli Ginzberg, and others, Colum bia University Press, 1957) Change Bureaucratic Organization Hypothesis of Bureaucracy An extraordinary structure of particular abilities has grown up around the hierarchy of leadership. Associations have developed in size since they should be capable completely to utilize the new pros and the specific hardware related with them if the associations are to meet their opposition. As more masters show up and the association keeps on developing in size, it gets important to gather workers into units, and the units into bigger units. A portion of the bigger of these units in government have been called departments, thus the sort of association coming about because of this procedure has been called administration. (These units were called agencies from the French word for composing table or work area.) The incomparable German humanist, Max Weber, was the first to endeavor an orderly hypothesis of bureaucratic association. His perspectives stay imperative to us not just on account of his colossal impact on American social researchers, yet additionally in light of the proceeding with legitimacy of a lot of his examination. Weber imagined an advancement of hierarchical structures as far as the sort of power relations inside them. At one outrageous is a straightforward, moderately no particular sort of association in which supporters give practically unfit acquiescence to a pioneer blessed with charismapresumed surprising, by and large mysterious forces. Such association was crude as in it depended on confidence in enchantment. Since their rights relied on their pioneers allure, his quick staff felt unreliable and looked for a firmer legitimating of these privileges. Their feelings of dread reached a crucial stage at the hour of progression in the authority. Reutilization of strategies used to get a replacement and hence to make sure about staff privileges brought about the traditionalistic type of association. Government would be a model. (Victor A. Thompson, Alfred A. Knopf, 1961) Qualities The bureaucratic association is where science and innovation are applied. With a couple of quickly vanishing exemptions, for example, medication, we can say that the application and advancement of science and innovation rely on bureaucratic association. Present day bureaucratic association is the most beneficial game plan of human exertion that man has up to this point thought up. Its capacity to achieve objective hierarchical objectives has created the best quality of living yet accomplished by man, while permitting populaces to extend immensely simultaneously. Reliance upon profoundly prepared masters requires arrangement by merit instead of political race or political arrangement. It requires an arrangement of guaranteed professions; in any case, the individual would not contribute the time expected to get specific aptitude. It necessitates that the association have an unequivocal and sensibly guaranteed division of work into characterized occupations or workplaces. The prepared pro would not ordinarily permit himself to be utilized as a handyman. Truth be told, the division of work in association generally essentially follows the current specializations in the public eye on the loose. Shortcomings As Weber stated, chari

The impact of the Industrial Revolution

The effect of the Industrial Revolution This examination inspects the impacts of the Industrial Revolution from years 1780 to 1840 on the free enterprise mentality of the British government. This examination centers around how the Industrial Revolution profited by the presence of the free enterprise demeanor in Great Britain during the late eighteenth century and afterward added to its end by the mid-nineteenth century. This examination features why the hands-off methodology and the absence of government inclusion and oversight in financial improvement helped the dangerous development of industry. It just spotlights on Great Britain, which is viewed as the Industrial Revolutions origin, not other European nations nor the United States. The specialist will utilize different printed writings and web sources as proof to address this examination. In this examination, two sources are assessed. The Silent Revolution: The Industrial Revolution in England as a Source of Cultural Change composed by John Walter Osborne and The First Industrial Revolution composed by Phyllis M. Deane are two sources evaluated with their inceptions, purposes, qualities, and constraints. B. Outline of Evidence From medieval occasions there had been severe guideline in Britain on compensation, business, preparing (apprenticeship), mechanical area, costs, and trade. By the mid-seventeenth century, these guidelines were hard for the legislature to authorize because of new ventures and extended trade. [1] Therefore, the limitations were incapable and suspended. For in excess of a hundred years before the Industrial Revolution, the State was in retreat from the financial field. [2] There was the way that an enormous number of limitations on monetary movement and on the free-progression of exchange were decreased or removed.â [3]â Before the Industrial Revolution, governments were fundamentally organized to keep harmony at home and to guard the nation against remote adversaries. The capacity of government was organization, not legislation. [4] The focal government organization in Britain was little contrasted with present day measures. As late as 1833 the Home Office utilized just 30 people and the Board and Trade, 20. So restricted were its exercises that the focal government comprised essentially of customs authorities and extract men㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦ And nothing was so far done on a national level concerning wellbeing, training, or poor relief.â [5]â Adam Smith, a Scottish market analyst in the mid-late 1700s, emphatically contradicted any administration obstruction in business issues. He and his supporters intensely impacted the adjustment of free enterprise government and utilized the convention of the imperceptible hand to legitimize unhindered commerce. Exchange limitations, the lowest pay permitted by law laws, and item guideline were completely seen as hindering to a countries financial health. [6] The theory of free enterprise, the view that the matter of government was to disregard things, and embraced entire heartedly the view that the unhindered activity of private undertaking was the best method of making sure about the greatest pace of monetary growth.â [7]â The triumph of free enterprise in the nineteenth century is the retreat from protectionism and the appropriation of a facilitated commerce policy. [8] Due to restricted government guideline and mediation, advancement was quickened. In England, industrial facility proprietors approached the common assets fundamental for the large scale manufacturing of products and a willing workforce. Businesses had the option to offer low wages for extended periods as a result of the sizable poor population.â [9]â During the 1830s and 1840s, and still more during the 1850s, the State was consistently assuming liability for more extensive and more extensive control of private endeavor in light of a legitimate concern for society as a whole. [10] Even however the free enterprise disposition of the British government which grabbed hold in the mid-eighteenth century prodded the development of the modern upheaval, it was simply the transformation which finished the free enterprise development. The modern unrest changed each part of society in Britain. Movement from little country towns to urban communities occurred. Day to day environments were poor for the average workers and their recently focused populace expanded familiarity with their battles. Preceding this urbanization of the populace, society was not centered around the wellbeing and government assistance of everybody. Around this time, the intrigue of morals and good way of thinking started to take hold. [11] With this new center, pressure was put on the legislature to address the issues of poor people. This made the administration get included and no longer took into consideration a hands-off strategy. The decay of free enterprise perspectives, debasement in government, development of ideological groups, popular supposition, and expanded effectiveness of administrative movement were in fluctuating degrees brought about by industrialism. C. Assessment of Sources The First Industrial Revolution composed by Phyllis Deane distributed in 1980 gives helpful knowledge to the history specialist into the job of the British government during the British Industrial Revolution. Phyllis Deane is an educator of financial history at the University of Cambridge and an individual of Newnham College who references numerous different students of history in her work. The sources reason for existing is to depict how the British government worked all through the Industrial Revolution and how it assumed the way of thinking of free enterprise. This books esteems are that it takes into consideration an intensive comprehension of how the British government evacuated numerous limitations on financial action to oblige its free enterprise disposition. It likewise references Adam Smith and the start of the free enterprise philosophy expressing how the matter of government is to disregard things. Be that as it may, a constraint to this source is that the writers referenc es are restricted to compositions from the twentieth century and do exclude works from the Industrial Revolution timeframe. The Silent Revolution: The Industrial Revolution in England as a Source of Cultural Change composed by John Walter Osborne, distributed in 1970, is another gainful hotspot for the student of history. John W. Osborne is a history educator at Rutgers University who works in present day Europe and nineteenth century Britain. This sources reason for existing is to portray changes in Britain from when the Industrial Revolution. It likewise marches how the free enterprise reasoning took on by the administration affected this change. An estimation of this source is that it gives the point of view of a student of history who contrasts Britain when the Industrial Revolution and gives explicit subtleties of what the British government accepted at that point. A restriction to this source is that the creator is keen on a wide scope of social effects and isn't altogether centered around the effect that the Industrial Revolution had on government. D. Investigation Preceding Britains modern unrest (1760 to 1830) government and society generally had totally different attributes. England had been a principally horticultural economy with the material business being for the most part little, free organizations. With the Industrial Revolution, people group changed from provincial to urban. There was incredible change brought about by this change. While the Industrial Revolution brought positive changes, the advantages were normally observed by the privileged who exploited the new methods for industry. Conversely with the positive changes, numerous people wound up burdened by the loss of their occupations at their customary artworks. The populace development, stuffing, and foul living conditions in urban areas where the occupations could be found were just exacerbated by the absence of empathy for the lower class.â [12]â It is all around recorded that a free enterprise disposition existed in the British government toward the finish of eighteenth century. With the touchy development of industry, government oversight was impractical. The legislature didn't have the assets to direct private business. As of now, there was likewise protection from government association since government contribution was seen as a prevention and would have disabled prosperous development. The possibility of government being liable for the government assistance of its residents didn't exist around then and helping individuals living in destitution was not seen as obligation of the legislature. The free enterprise demeanor advanced by pioneers and financial specialists, for example, Adam Smith, kept government out of hidden industry during the start of the Industrial Revolution. Without government mediation, private partnerships had the option to set their own norms. The driving motivating force for these businesses was benefit. Because of the nonappearance of rules, working conditions were poor and least wages were normally nonexistent. The quick changes happening during the Industrial Revolution incredibly affected all parts of British life including the perspective on the job of government. It realized new ideas on how society ought to carry on. It is because of these changing observations that by the 1820s parliament passed a huge volume of monetary and social legislation. [13] It depends on this proof the Industrial Revolution finished the British governments free enterprise mentality. Government started to intercede in the conduct of private venture at the nearby level in the urban regions where social issues were the most extraordinary. It was especially obvious when government stepped in to address issues of sanitation and town improvement and was especially fundamental when controlling area rulers and developers who didn't have the interests of the general network in mind.â [14]â Notwithstanding government intercession because of medical problems, the legislature was starting to be compelled by the developing voice of the regular workers who were requesting of for more secure and more attractive working conditions. The development of general sentiment was achieved by specialized enhancements of the steam fueled ne

How to Write Essay on Animal Rights

How to Write Essay on Animal Rights Animals are part of the natural diversity of our Earth. If you are not an active environmentalist, then its likely that you are not really concerned with animal rights issues. You continue to live your life, buy food and goods not thinking about the role of animals in the life of each of us. Emphasize its significance in animal rights essay so that no one remains indifferent. An essay on animal rights is the explanation of your opinion on a problematic issue. This is an opportunity to study the prospects of the movement in support of animal rights and its possible benefits. The main task of the essay is to draw the attention of the public to this topic. Recognizing the problem is the first step towards solving it. The purpose of the essay is to investigate animal rights issues and use the arguments, comparisons, and analysis to draw the attention of the audience to the problematic aspects. In addition to this, the essay is an individual work. It is extremely important for the author to express his opinion. Distinguish Approaches The need to provide personal opinion makes the author conduct research. Gathering information, analyzing it, and putting it into practice are steps during your work on the essay. There are many organizations and activists whose aim is the protection of animals. It is important to understand that despite the single direction activities, their interests and goals may differ. Such concepts as animal rights and animal welfare certainly belong to the sphere of animal protection. However, there are significant differences. Animal welfare activists focus on how well the animals live. Supporters of this concept pay attention to physical and mental health. Animal welfare is related to the concept that humans are responsible for animals. They should be treated well but can be used for research and food. Animal rights activists emphasize that animal should have the rights that people have. They should never be used for human benefits (food, clothing, research, entertainment, etc.) It brings up the question of what rights animals can have. Speaking of animal rights, you need to consider that they have several forms: moral legal practical Choosing one of these forms will facilitate writing animal rights essay and narrow down the vast information. Essentially, the essay will describe the aspect you previously chose. Legal rights are rights embodied in legislative acts. The state protects this kind of rights. Their violation leads to liability. So far, only humans have legal rights. Moral rights are rights inherent in human civilization, society. They are based on the principles of morality. They exist regardless of legislative regulations. These rights are considered fundamental, but this does not mean that they are impeccably observed. There are violations of moral rights and ethical norms that do not involve ane reaction of the state authority. Key Elements of Essay about Animal Rights If you get the main idea what you should write about in animal rights essay, lets consider the key elements. Perhaps you have often heard: grab the readers attention. One of the means to achieve the goal is a rhetorical question or an unexpected comparison. But a good essay is not only the first sentence or an intriguing introduction. A good essay is an interesting essay. Whether you have chosen the essay yourself or you have been told to write it, you will think about how to write animal rights essay for the reader to be interested. The main catch of many journalists and writers is to make the material interesting for the audience. Consider the area of animal protection that will be relevant to you. The logic is very simple. If your audience loves exact sciences, then examine the options for the relationship of research, scientific experiments, discoveries in the field of medicine and respect for animal rights. Be closer to your audience and then you may draw the applause. First of all, you should focus on your passion and not on the audience. Choose what matters to you. The passion that you show writing about the question that you are concerned with can make other people interested in the problem of animals. When you write about things you are concerned with and that you are passionate about then the problem of how to write essay about animal rights comes down to technical details. Your work becomes meaningful, as you want to deliver your message and not just do one more assignment. Any essay contains three basic elements that any professor will check: content structure grammar, flow, format Structure Any essay contains an introduction, body, and conclusion. The size of each part increases in proportion to the total number of sheets of your assignment. The structure of 5 paragraphs has proved to be the best: one paragraph for the intro, three for body and the last one for the conclusion. The introduction contains the key points of the whole essay. A thesis is a right point. Formulate the main thesis on which you will build your essay. Ideally, this is just one sentence which clearly gives the definition of what will be discussed. The remaining sentences are general information supporting your message. The body is the largest part in which you write about all your evidence and arguments. If you are worried how to write a persuasive essay on animal rights, pay special attention to the main part of the essay. Your task is to convince the audience. You need to use all methods of persuasion. Each time writing a statement, you should give arguments and evidence of its truthfulness. Explore everything about the question, since you can find a refutation of your opinion. Be prepared to answer them. Collecting data and authoritative opinion of other scientists on your question will make your words sound important. However, you must conduct data analysis on how relevant it is and certainly have your opinion. Write Step by Step The first thing to do is to define the subject of the essay. Learn information about animal rights. Its hard to write something and add your vision if you do not have the slightest idea about the issue of the essay. In addition to selecting information you can then use as arguments, you can give your own assessment. The next step is the formation of the thesis statement. Keeping this in mind, you will be able to conduct a more detailed research on the sources of information and data that you will use to write the essay. Write, highlight, make notes. Do everything not to forget important points. Later you will systematize your notes in accordance with blocks of information in the essay. Do not be lazy and make an outline for animal rights essay. The plan is your route map. Firstly, you will not lose sight of anything and each of the items will take its place in the structure of the essay. Secondly, it is much easier to focus on each small task than to cover the entire volume at once. Write ? draft. This is the skeleton of the essay. Write, rewrite and make additions. Your draft will be covered with details, clarifications or changes in the process of finalizing the essay. The more you work on the draft, the better the result you get on the finish line. You should not only prepare to write an essay but also write it. You can always improve or change what is already written than start from scratch the day before submitting. Use the final touches for the perfect essay. The content of your essay plays a crucial role, but minor faults can lower your grade. Always proofread your essay in its final version. Do not forget to check out the format of animal rights essay. It will be very disappointing if you cannot take into account such basic requirements as font, indent, and interval or reference list. Animal Rights Essay Topics The choice of a topic is a dilemma for many students. Brainstorming ideas concerning the theme, try to identify what kind of essay you want to present. Is it a persuasive, comparison, narrative or another kind of essay? It can be narrative if you want to show your way of becoming an activist of animal rights movement. Another example of animal rights essay is solving a problem of ethical norms and animal abuse. Answer the question of how you are concerned with animal rights. It`s a broad area for the study because animal rights are related to legal regimentation, social norms, individual attitude. Animals are often involved in scientific research, testing new products, in the food production and the manufacture of various goods. Thus, you can write about the use of animals for the benefit of human and ways of protecting animal rights. Some More Tips Use the examples. The Internet provides many resources with examples of essays for the acquaintance. Use this opportunity as a way to improve your essay. Choose the most successful example of the essay and on its basis create your own animal rights essay outline. This gives you the idea of: how to structure the essay properly how to build a logical sequence and flow how to model your own essay on the basis of an example Inspiration. Sometimes, in order to start writing, we lack inspiration. When a muse comes, the essay is written faster and suitable thoughts come to your head. But how can you the muse to help? If you have the opportunity to visit an animal rights organization or communicate with the activists of this movement, then this will be a great experience for you. However, if the deadline is close, then you can watch the inspiring speeches of animal rights advocates on the Internet. The main tips on writing animal rights essay are similar to the tips for writing any kind essay. If the essay on animal rights remains an unbearable burden, you can always ask for professional help. The custom essay service is ready to provide all kind of academic support. Leave all doubts and contact our experts. We will meet your expectations.

The Government Of Us Should Not Allow People With Buy And...

Mohammed S Alharbi COMM 1101 Thomas E. Eckert 04/21/2015 Outline Topic: The Government of US should not allow people to buy and use gun for personal purpose. General Purpose: To persuade. Specific Purpose: To persuade U.S government to impose restriction on purchase and use of gun. Thesis Statement: Government should impose restriction on purchase and use of guns because it is used widely for illegal purposes all around in U.S. Attention Step I. [Attention Getter] Possessing a weapon such as gun for personal defense does not provide solution for maintaining greater level of security. A. For protection and security, gun is not merely the solution because it is the responsibility of state to provide protection to its citizens. B. There does not exist any valid reason for gun owner to acquire and use it. C. Gun owner face a lot of serious problems (such as improper use may lead to death of the owner or any other family member) as a result of acquiring the weapon. II. 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The Taboo The Art Of Bernadette Mayer And Patti Smith Essay

Verse the Taboo: The Art of Bernadette Mayer and Patti Smith When someone says, â€Å"New York,† people may imagine the smell of a hot dog stand, the congestion of people in suits and ties hastening down Wall Street, or the sound of taxis honking and rushing to get through brief, green lights. For others, however, New York City has always been known as a creative place where one can express themselves through their art and music. For Patti Smith and Bernadette Mayer, New York City was their safe-haven where they could freely express themselves through their work. Bernadette Mayer was born in 1945, and she began to write poetry about the truth of motherhood, and her feelings about topics that hadn’t been previously addressed during the time. Patti Smith was born in 1946, and she beautifully fused rock and poetry in order to create a unique sound that would pave the way for punk rock. In her poetry, Bernadette Mayer spoke honestly about her opinions and feelings about motherhood; this was something that wasn’t commonplace at the time. It was often expected, and ingrained into women, that they were to have children and be nurturers, and Bernadette was no exception. She had children, but through her poetry, she expressed her conflicting emotions and thoughts about the way her world operates. Patti Smith, like Mayer, addresses her experiences, and shares how her pregnancy was looked down upon simply because she wasn’t married. These two women had the courage to write about what other

Open Medical Marijuana Delivery Service Full Free Essays

string(60) " a website with absolutely no programming skills necessary\." County Guidelines |Page Chapter 1: Obtaining a Doctor’s Recommendation A doctor’s recommendation will allow you to take the next critical step of obtaining a Medical Marijuana Card through California’s MMP Program. No official registration is required to obtain a doctor’s recommendation. Marijuana can be recommended by a doctor for ANY serious condition for which it provides relief; over 250 uses have been reported. We will write a custom essay sample on Open Medical Marijuana Delivery Service Full or any similar topic only for you Order Now Resource: To see a sample Doctor’s Recommendation go to: http://www. canorml. org/prop/MDRecForm. jpg WARNING: Beware bogus clinics! Some unethical doctors are charging clients extra for socalled â€Å"cultivation licenses† supposedly entitling them to grow more than the normal number of plants. There is no such thing as a â€Å"cultivation license† under California law. Any patient with a California physician’s recommendation may legally cultivate or possess as much marijuana as they need for their own personal medical use, and no more. No physician can authorize them to cultivate more (they can only testify in court that a certain amount of marijuana is consistent with the individual patient’s needs, and they do not have professional competence to prescribe plant numbers). Resource:To find a California Physician you can go to: http://listings. canorml. org/physicians/listings. lasso 3|Page Chapter 2: Obtaining a California Medical Marijuana Identification Card The next step to starting a Legal Medical Marijuana Delivery Service is to obtain a Medical Marijuana Identification Card through the California Medical Marijuana Program (MMP). This identification card will allow you to legally carry a given amount of Medical Marijuana as outlined in your counties bylaws, and to be recognized as a caregiver for your patients. In other words each county has their own guidelines as to how much marijuana each caregiver can carry legally for each of their patients. Establishing yourself as aMedical Marijuana Caregiver will allow you to legally serve your patients. Resource:To apply simply fill out the form located at: www. cdph. ca. gov/pubsforms/forms/CtrldForms/cdph9042. pdf After you have completed this form it is best to apply in person at your local County Department of Public Health for expediency purposes. You can do it online or via fax, but this can take months to complete. Resource:You can ind your local County Department of Public Health by going to: http://www. cdph. ca. gov/services/Pages/MMPCounties. aspx When you apply you will need to bring the necessary documentation which includes: a) b) c) d) Your Application Form Your Physician’s License Number Your Doctor’s Recommendation Form You will also need to supply personal information to prove residency such as a driver’s lice nse, utility bill, or government issued photo ID. 4|Page You will need to pay the application fees and be photographed. The application fees vary by county and are usually $66. 00 + administrative fees. To ensure the application process goes smoothly and to give yourself the best chance of not having any unforeseen obstacles it is always a good idea to take an individual who has signed documentation stating they are a patient in your care. We will talk more about the necessary patient care documentation later. It is important to understand that to be a register primary caregiver for more than one patient you must live in the same county as all of your patients. It is strictly forbidden and illegal to operate a delivery business across county lines. 5|Page Chapter 3: Starting The Business / Nonprofit Step 1 – Your Delivery Business / Nonprofit Name The first step in creating your new medical marijuana delivery business is to think of a name for your new business. Most medical marijuana collectives and coops use the terms collective, caregiver, or something of that of that nature in their name. You’ll also need to make sure that your physical address resides in the city and county that your delivery business will be operating in an. It is also important to note that this physical address cannot be a P. O. Box. Resource: Make sure to check the availability of your nonprofit name by going to: http://www. sos. ca. gov/business/corp/corp_naav. tm Step 2 – Start a Nonprofit Organization Next we will need to create a Non-Profit because nonprofits are the only types of organizations that are allowed to operate as medical marijuana patient care givers. This is also the quickest and easiest way to get into the medical marijuana industry. The best way to set this up is to place yourself in the role of president of the Non-Profit. This enables you to recuse yourself of responsibility for the actions of other members. Your membership agreement will outline the rules for membership and no one can join or become a patient unless they have agreed to the membership guidelines. The process of starting a nonprofit organization generally involves: 1. Drafting Bylaw 2. Submitting Articles of Incorporation to the State of California Drafting Bylaws Drafting Bylaws sets forth the structure of the organization and creates a governing board with final authority for the organization Resource: For an example of Nonprofit Bylaws go to:Link 6|Page Completing and Submitting Articles of Organization To incorporate as a nonprofit in the state of California you will need to complete articles of organization and submit them. There is generally a $30. 0 filing fee for these forms. Resource: Articles of Organization Forms www. sos. ca. gov/business/corp/pdf/articles/corp_artsnp. pdf To submit this form you will need to go to one of the 2 regional offices located at either: Sacramento Main Office 1500 11th Street Sacramento, CA 95814 (916) 657-5448 Or Los Angeles Regional Office 300 South Spring Street, Room 12513 Los Angeles, CA 90013 (213) 897-3062 Step 3 – Creating a Website The next step is to create a website. If you do not have any experience creating websites do not be frightened. You can register a domain name (URL) at one of the many registration services found online. You can then use one of the many web site builders also found online that allow you to do simple drag and drop web design that enables even a novice to create a website with absolutely no programming skills necessary. You read "Open Medical Marijuana Delivery Service Full" in category "Papers" Please note that it is also a good idea to utilize this URL for your e-mail account. Many of the registration services allow you to do this and it looks much more professional than having a generic e-mail address like Gmail. All told you can expect to spend between $30. 00 and $50. 0 getting your website up and running and this can be achieved in as little as a couple of hours. 7|Page Step 4 – Financials In the next step we will be establishing the necessary financial aspects for our Non-Profit. The first of which is a bank account and a FEIN Number. To set up a bank account simply go to your loca l branch and tell them you would like to set up a business account. You’ll need to provide them with the necessary documentation including the documentation for your Non-Profit. To obtain a seller’s permit, which we will talk about later, you will need to obtain your FEIN Number. Resource: For a simple form that you can give your bank which includes the legal name and structure of your medical marijuana delivery business as well as your physical mailing address go to: http://www. irs. gov/pub/irs-pdf/fss4. pdf Resource: To get your FEIN Number go to: http://www. irs. gov/businesses/small/article/0,,id=102767,00. html Step 5 – Obtaining a Sellers Permit Now it is time to get your Sellers Permit. The sellers permit is one of the most important aspects in keeping your medical marijuana delivery business legal. A sellers permit allows you to pay taxes on your business. Even though you are operating a nonprofit, you are liable for taxes. We have devoted an entire chapter to taxes found later in this book. You’ll need to get your Sellers permit from the California State board of equalization. All you will need to do is bring all the documentation we’ve outlined in the previous sections and go to the local office of the board of equalization and make an estimated down payment based on your estimated quarterly income. This down payment will be very small if you currently only have one patient, which will generally be the case. Resource: For a California Sellers Permit Application Form, as well processing instructions go to: http://boe. ca. gov/pdf/boe400spa. pdf 8|Page Step 6 – Obtaining a Business License Now it is time to get a Business license. To do this we will need to fill out the necessary form depending upon what town or county you live in. The easiest way is to simply Google â€Å"business license† + your town or county. Next you will need to go to your county specific business license branch, with your documentation, and simply tell them you will be operating at a †Home Healthcare delivery surface†. Resource: For county by county business license application instructions go to: http://www. cityapplications. com/business-licenses/CA-California/biz-California. html 9|Page Chapter 4: Operating The Business Now it is time to discuss the operations and management of your medical marijuana delivery service in regards to staying compliant with California Law. Membership The lifeblood of your business will be membership because if you do not have anyone to deliver to you will not be making any money. To join your Non-Profit and become a patient each member will have to agree to your membership terms. Legal Application Requirements To legally operate in the state of California you must perform certain steps when taking on new members or patients. Step 1 – Verification You must verify each member’s status as legally able to be a patient under your care. The way that you do this is by verifying their medical marijuana identification card number. Resource: To verify a potential patient’s medical marijuana card go to: http://www. calmmp. ca. gov/ Step 2 – Primary Caregiver Form Next you will need each person to sign a form designating you as their primary caregiver. Resource: You can find a sample form by going to: http://www. peaceinmedicine. org/PDFs/PrimaryCareGiver. pdf 10 | P a g e Step 3 – Membership Form For you to legally distribute Medical Marijuana to your patients they must be members of you Nonprofit. To become members they need to simply fill out a membership form. Resource: For a sample membership for go to: http://www. greendotguy. com/Membership-Agreement. pdf 11 | P a g e Chapter 5: Products / Medical Marijuana If you have not already you’ll need to acquire the products or medical marijuana you will be providing to your patients. This is an important step because you must make sure that you acquire your products lawfully. As per California law collectives and cooperatives can only acquire medical marijuana from their own members. This means you can only acquire medical marijuana grown by fellow members of your collective. In other words before you can purchase medical marijuana from a grower they must first be a member of your collective. This is very simple to do. Simply have the grower or growers sign a membership agreement before you obtain the medical marijuana you will be delivering to your patience from them. This allows your operations to consist of acquiring medical marijuana from one of your nonprofit members and distribute it to your non-profit patients. This is what we call a closed cycle. Resource: For a sample membership for go to: http://www. greendotguy. com/Membership-Agreement. pdf 12 | P a g e Chapter 6: Revenue Members of your non-profit may reimburse you for medical marijuana that has been allocated to them in the amount necessary to cover overhead and operating expenses as well as services provided. This means that members can reimburse you for your delivery service through reasonably calculated compensation. This is the way in which you want to record accrued revenue in addition to the overhead costs. 13 | P a g e Chapter 7: Possession, Delivery, and the Law As per California law a primary caregivers may poses a certain amount of medical marijuana for each patient under their care. If you are operating your delivery business and you have more than the personal legal limit of medical marijuana you should have supporting records readily available showing that you have under the legal limit allowed for the number of patients you have under your care. This is especially important when you’re transporting medical marijuana for delivery. Primary Caregiver To be classified as a primary caregiver the Supreme Court has set forth certain requirements: a) A primary caregiver is an individual who consistently provides caregiving; independent of any assistance in taking medical marijuana at or before the time he or she assumed responsibility for assisting with medical marijuana. † People v. Mentch(2008) 45 Cal. 4th 274, 283 (85 Cal. Rptr. 3d 480, 195 P. d 1061) b) The person must show â€Å"a caretaking relationship directed at the core survival needs of a seriously ill patient, not just one single pharmaceutical need. † Id. at p. 286. To be classified as a primary care giver it is important to operate within these guidelines. SB 420 allows caregivers to be compensated for their services but it does not authorize the sale of marijuana itself for profit. Therefore, to run a successful medical marijuana delivery business it is recommended that you 14 | P a g e tipulate your compensation is being accrued from the service of medical marijuana delivered in the form of donations. California State Law It is important to note California State law and how it pertains to a medical marijuana delivery services. 1. Patients and caregivers with a state-issued ID card are immune from arrest and allowed to possess whatever amount the law allows them. 2. Patients and caregivers without a state-issued ID card, even with a physician’s statement or county entitlement, are subject to case by case scrutiny that can lead to arrest. As per California State law, possession and cultivation of marijuana grants immunity to patients and caregivers who possess or cultivate marijuana for personal medical use based on the recommendation of a Physician and within county guidelines of residence. 15 | P a g e Chapter 8: Taxes In October 2005, after meeting with taxpayers, businesses, and advocacy groups, the Board directed staff to issue seller’s permits regardless of the fact that the property being sold may be illegal, or because the applicant for the permit did not indicate what products it sold. This new policy was effective immediately. BOE policy regarding the issuance of a seller’s permit was amended to provide that a seller’s permit shall be issued to anyone requesting a permit to sell tangible personal property, the sale of which would be subject to sales tax if sold at retail. Previously, the Board would not issue a seller’s permit when sales consisted only of medical marijuana. Anyone selling tangible personal property in California, the sale of which would be subject to sales tax if sold at retail, is required to hold a seller’s permit and report and pay the taxes due on their sales. The sale of tangible personal property in California is generally subject to tax unless the sale qualifies for a specific exemption or exclusion. Sales and Use Tax Regulation 1591, Medicines and Medical Devices, explains when the sale or use of property meeting the definition of â€Å"medicine† qualifies for exemption from tax. Generally, for an item’s sale or use to qualify for an exemption from tax under Regulation 1591, the item must qualify as a medicine and the sale or use of the item must meet specific conditions. Regulation 1591 defines a medicine, in part, as any substance or preparation intended for use by external or internal application to the human body in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease and which is commonly recognized as a substance or preparation intended for that use. A medicine is also defined as any drug or any biologic, when such are approved by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration to diagnose, cure, mitigate, treat, or prevent any disease, illness, or medical condition regardless of ultimate use. In order to be exempt, a medicine must qualify under the definition, and it must be either (1) prescribed for treatment by medical professional authorized to prescribe medicines and dispensed by a pharmacy; (2) furnished by a physician to his or her own patients; or (3) furnished by a licensed health facility on a physician’s order. (There are some other specific circumstances not addressed here such as being furnished by a state-run medical facility or a pharmaceutical company without charge for medical research. ) 16 | P a g e Generally, all of these requirements must be fulfilled in accordance with state and federal law. Regulation 1591 exempts the sale or use of medicines furnished by qualifying health care facilities. (See response to Question 5, above, regarding the requirements to qualify as an exempt medicine. ) State law defines a qualifying â€Å"health facility† as either a facility licensed under state law to provide 24-hour inpatient care or a state-licensed clinic. Not making a profit does not relieve a seller of his or her sales tax liability. However, whether or not you make a profit, like other retailers making taxable sales, you can ask your customers to reimburse you for the sales taxes due on your sales, if you fulfill the requirements explained in Regulation 1700, Reimbursement for Sales Tax. As discussed in the response to Question 10, the Board may enter into a payment plan with a seller when the seller has difficulty meeting its tax liabilities. The Board has an Offers in Compromise Program that provides a payment alternative for individuals and businesses who have closed out their accounts. The Board will issue a seller’s permit to an applicant who does not indicate the products being sold. The applicant, however, will be asked to sign a waiver acknowledging that his or her application is incomplete, which may result in the applicant not being provided with complete information regarding obligations as a holder of a seller’s permit, or notified of future requirements by the Board related to the products sold. Applicants who do not wish to indicate the type of products they are selling should leave the line, â€Å"What items do you sell? blank and discuss the issue with a Board representative regarding the incomplete application. As with any other seller who has operated without a permit, or who has failed to timely file and pay the taxes due, back taxes are owed on any taxable sales made, but not reported and paid. Generally, penalty and interest will also be due. When you apply for a seller’s permit and your application is processed, Board staff w ill provide sales and use tax returns from prior periods for you to report your sales of medical marijuana and any other products you may have sold, but did not report. You will need to use these returns to self-report all your sales beginning with the month you first started selling taxable 17 | P a g e products. Once you have filed all your back returns, you will receive a current return for each reporting period in which you make sales. You will continue to receive a return until such time as you stop making sales and have notified the Board of the discontinuance of your business. The Board, however, may grant relief from penalty charges if it is determined that a person’s failure to file a timely return or payment was due to reasonable cause and circumstances beyond the person’s control. If a seller wishes to file for such relief, he or she must file a statement with the Board stating, under penalty of perjury, the facts that apply. Sellers may use form BOE-735, Request for Relief from Penalty, available on the Board’s website. A seller who cannot pay a liability in full may be eligible for an installment payment agreement. Sellers in need of this type of plan should contact their local Board office, as eligibility is determined on a case-by-case basis. All California sellers of tangible personal property the sale of which would be subject to tax if sold at retail are required to hold seller’s permits. A seller’s permit should be obtained prior to making sales of tangible personal property. If you are currently making sales of medical marijuana and you do not hold a seller’s permit, you should obtain one as soon as possible. Sellers have a continuing obligation to hold a seller’s permit until such time they stop making sales of products that are subject to tax when sold at retail. Sales tax provides revenues to the state’s General Fund as well as to cities, counties, and other local jurisdictions where the sale was made. The tax from the sales of medical marijuana is treated the same as the tax received from the sale of all tangible personal property. Registering for a seller’s permit brings sellers into compliance with the Sales and Use Tax Law, but holding a seller’s permit does not allow sales that are otherwise unlawful by state or federal law. The Compassionate Use Act of 1996 decriminalized the cultivation and use of marijuana by certain persons on the recommendation of a physician. California’s Medical Marijuana Program Act also exempted qualifying patients and primary caregivers from criminal sanctions for certain other activities involving marijuana. Apart from any provisions of state law, the sale of marijuana remains illegal under federal law. 18 | P a g e 19 | P a g e Chapter 9: The Medical Marijuana Program The medical marijuana program (MMP) has been established to provide a voluntary marijuana identification card issuance and registry program for individuals who qualify as patients as well as their caregivers. A web-based registry has been created which allows law enforcement and the public to verify patient or caregiver cards which give authorization to possess, grow, transport, and for the use of medical marijuana in California. In 2003, Senate Bill (SB) 420 (Chapter 875, Statutes of 2003) was passed as an extension and clarification of Proposition 215, the Compassionate Use Act of 1996. The Medical Marijuana Program, within CDPH, is administered through a patient’s county of residence. Upon obtaining a recommendation from their physician for use of medicinal marijuana, patients and their primary caregivers may apply for and be issued; a Medical Marijuana Identification Card. Senate Bill 420 also required that the MMP be fully supported through the card application processing fees. Both the state and the counties have authority to cover the costs for the program through these application fees. 20 | P a g e Chapter 10: County Guidelines County guidelines have been established to outline legal amounts of medical marijuana possession in regards two personal use, patient care givers, and an growing operations. At the writing of this document, 9-7-2011, they are as follows: Alameda: 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants ; 8 ounces of bud Alpine: 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants ; 8 ounces of bud Amador: 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants ; 8 ounces of bud Butte: 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants ; one pound of processed (formerly 6 plants at any stage) Calaveras: 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants ; 8 ounces of bud Colusa: No firm policy; case-by-case review, though â€Å"tentative guidelines† of 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants ; 8 ounces of bud or 1. lb. processed (formerly 2 plants outdoors or 4 plants indoors) Contra Costa: 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants ; 8 ounces of bud Del Norte: Current status remains cloudy, so fol-low the state minimum guidelines for maximum safety: 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants ; 8 ounces of bud. El Dorado: Outdoors: 20 plants from March 1 through July 31; 10 plants through October (or end of season); 2 lbs. f bud from Se ptember 1 through February 28; and 1 lb from March 1 to August 31. Indoors: 10 vegetative plants, 1 mother plant, 10 flowering plants and1 lb of bud per patient (formerly 6 plants and/or 2 pounds processed). NB: Caregivers can take care of household plus three outside patients. Also see El Dorado County DA Policy. Fresno: 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants ; 8 ounces of bud Glenn: 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants ; 8 ounces of bud 21 | P a g e Humboldt: 3 lbs of bud or equivalent; 100 square feet of garden canopy, no limit on plant numbers or lamp wattage. Caregiver amounts calculated per patient served. [Original DA policy: Up to 99 plants with up to 100 square feet of canopy and up to lb. of bud. Indoor gardens limited to 1500 watts total illumination. ] Imperial: 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants ; 8 ounces of bud Inyo: 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants ; 8 ounces of bud Kern: 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants ; 8 ounces of bud. King: 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants ; 8 ounces of bud Lake: 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants ; 8 ounces of bud Lassen: 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants ; 8 ounces of bud Los Angeles: 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants ; 8 ounces of bud Madera: 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants ; 8 ounces of bud Marin: 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants ; 8 ounces of bud, county ID cards now honored by all law enforcement. Mariposa: 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants ; 8 ounces of bud Mendocino: 99 plants (from 25) with permit—[This County’s guidelines are covered in Hemp Publication’s Monograph No. : Grows] Merced: 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants ; 8 ounces of bud Modoc: 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants ; 8 ounces of bud Mono: 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants ; 8 ounces of bud Monterey: 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants ; 8 ounces of bud Napa: 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants ; 8 ounces of bud 22 | P a g e Nevada: 6 mature p lants or 12 immature plants any size; or, in the alternative, 75 square feet of total canopy area ; up to 2 lb. of bud. Collectives must keep copies of all patients’ recommenda-tions available for inspection. Orange: 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants ; 8 ounces of bud Placer: 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants ; 8 ounces of bud Plumas: 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants ; 8 ounces of bud Riverside: 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants ; 8 ounces of bud Sacramento: 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants ; 8 ounces of bud San Benito: 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants ; 8 ounces of bud San Bernardino: 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants ; 8 ounces of bud San Diego: 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants ; 8 ounces of bud San Francisco: Patient and caregiver ID cards is-sued by county Health Department; no patient guidelines. Case by case policy is based on police claims of indicia of illegal sales or diversion to non-medical market. San Joaquin: 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants ; 8 ounces of bud San Luis Obispo: 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants ; 8 ounces of bud San Mateo: 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants ; 8 ounces of bud Santa Barbara: 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants ; 8 ounces of bud Santa Clara: 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants ; 8 ounces of bud Santa Cruz: 3 pounds of bud or equivalent, plus 100 square feet of garden canopy, no limit on plant numbers or lamp wattage Shasta: 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants ; 8 ounces of bud or 1. 33 lb. processed 23 | P a g e Sierra: 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants ; 8 ounces of bud or any quantity approved by phy-sician Siskiyou: 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants ; 8 ounces of bud Solano: 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants ; 8 ounces of bud Sonoma: County policy: Up to 30 plants with up to 100 square feet of garden canopy and up to 3 lb. of bud. Stanislaus: 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants and 8 ounces of bud Sutter: 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants ; 8 ounces of bud Tehama: 12 seedlings or 6 flowering or mature plants, and 8 ounces dried marijuana. Indoor Cultivation: 12 seedlings or 6 flowering or mature plants, and 8 ounces dried marijuana. Trinity: Board of Supervisors voted to step back-ward and revert to the state minimum threshold of 6 mature plants or 12 immature plant ; 8 ounces of bud. Tulare: 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants ; 8 ounces of bud Tuolumne: 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants ; 8 ounces of bud. Ventura: 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants ; 8 ounces of bud or 1 lb. ry bud or conversion. Yolo: 6 mature plants or 12 immature plants ; 8 ounces of bud Yuba: Informal policy: 6 mature plants or 12 im-mature plants ; 8 ounces of bud or 1. 5 lb. of processed marijuana. 24 | P a g e Disclaimer This document has been written for and is meant for educational purposes only. It is not in any way legally binding, or in other words, it cannot be used in a court of law as justification for any actions taken by its readers. It should be noted that while California does not prosecute Medical Marijuana Patients within the guidelines of SB 420, marijuana is still illegal under federal law and individuals can still be prosecuted as such. The writers of this document have provided this document for educational purposes only. We in no way advocate or take responsibility for any actions taken by its readers. 25 | P a g e How to cite Open Medical Marijuana Delivery Service Full, Papers

Indicactor Lab Essay Example For Students

Indicactor Lab Essay What is in each test-tube? What proof do I have of this?Test-tube A: Test-tube A had water in it. I can base this on the fact that it was a neutral, reacting neither to red or blue litmus paper. Phenolphthalein also did not react to this substance. The pH value was 7, neutral, also adding to the proof that this substance was water, because water is neutral. The substance was clear and odorless, and all of these reactions combined led me to my conclusion of substance A being water. Test-tube B: Test-tube B had spoiled milk in it. The substance reacted to blue litmus paper, and red litmus paper underwent no change. Phenolphthalein did not change, and the pH value was 6, a weak acid. The appearance of this substance was a thick, white liquid that had a horrible odor. These observations led me to my conclusion that substance B is spoiled milk. Test-tube C: Test-tube C had ammonia in it. The substance reacted to red litmus paper, and it had no effect on blue litmus paper. Phenolphthalein turned a hot pink color very quickly, and the pH value was about 11.5. The substance was clear and had a strong odor to it. These results led me to my conclusion that substance C is ammonia. Test-tube D: Test-tube D contained lemonade. The substance reacted to blue litmus paper, and red litmus underwent no changes. It had no effect on Phenolphthalein, and its pH value was 3, a strong acid. Knowing that lemons are very acidic, and that the substance was yellow and sweet smelling, I concluded that substance D was lemonade. Test-tube E: I could not come to a conclusion on what substance E was. It reacted weakly to blue litmus paper, and it did not change red litmus. It had no effect on Phenolphthalein, but its pH value tested as 7. This cannot be correct however, because all acids have a pH value less than 7. The appearance and smell were not of any help, because it was a clear substance with a slight odor I couldnt key in on. So my conclusion is that this substance was an extremely weak acid of some sort. Test-tube F: Test-tube F contained sodium hydroxide. The substance had a very strong reaction to red litmus and no reaction to blue litmus paper. It had a very strong effect on Phenolphthalein, and its pH value tested as 12+, a very strong base. The substance also had a bitter odor. These results led to my conclusion that substance F was sodium hydroxide, one of the strongest bases that exist.